Species sensitivity distribution of rare earth elements: A full overview
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2024-12-24
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Rare earth elements (REEs) encompass 15 lanthanides and play a crucial role in modern technology. Despite their essential uses, REEs are emerging environmental contaminants due to their growing presence in industrial, agricultural, and medical applications. For the first time, the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach was applied to REEs considering 58 papers including toxicity about Ce, Dy, Er, Gd, La, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm, and Y. SSD curves were constructed by log-logistic model providing comprehensive comparisons of the sensitivities of different species to the relative REEs deriving the hazardous concentrations (HC) at 5 % and 50 %. The review reveals that arthropods, especially Daphnia magna, and echinoderms such as Sphaerechinus granularis exhibit high sensitivity especially to Ce, Er, and Lu. Conversely, vertebrates, particularly Oncorhynchus mykiss, showed greater tolerance to REEs exposure. The general hazard perception evidenced the following prioritization list according to HC5 values in increasing order: Dy (0.03 μg/l) > Ce (0.15 μg/l) > Sm (0.29 μg/l) > La (0.64 μg/l) > Y (0.81 μg/l) > Gd (0.95 μg/l) > Pr (1.44 μg/l) > Er (1.45 μg/l) > Nd (1.67 μg/l) > Lu (2.19 μg/l). This review highlighted gaps in REEs ecotoxicity, particularly regarding heavy REEs (HREEs), and stressed the need for more data on their long-term one-health impacts. Such knowledge is vital for developing strategies to mitigate REEs contamination, emphasizing the importance of establishing safe exposure thresholds to protect both ecosystems and human health.The effects of REEs on the biota have been explored with the current database that is still quite lacking. Cerium, Gd, and La were the most investigated elements, while Ho, Sc, Yb, Tb, Eu and Tm presented just few data being not sufficient to generate the relative SSD curves.This review paper prioritized the toxicity of 10 REEs (except for Ho, Sc, Yb, Tb, Eu and Tm) according to both HC5 and HC50 values. Based on HC5 value, the most toxic element was Dy (HC5 = 0.03 μg/l), while Lu was the least toxic (HC5 = 2.19 μg/l). Based on HC50 value, the most toxic element was Y (HC50 = 1.99 μg/l), while Nd was the least toxic (HC50 = 3.21 μg/l).
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